Results
Note: EBW operates in vacuum (10^-4 to 10^-1 mbar). Penetration depth depends on voltage, current, speed, and material thermal properties.
Reference
Electron Beam Welding:
Beam Power: P = V(kV) x I(mA) / 1000 kW
Penetration: d = k * P / sqrt(v) (empirical, k varies by material)
Heat Input: H = P * 1000 * eta / v (J/mm)
Aspect ratio typically 10:1 to 30:1